What's the basic difference between analog and digital?

Source: bit.ly/1wqZJdc

Basic electronics courses always carry these two terms—digital and analog. Electronic devices can be any of these. Analog devices are greatly variable. A speedometer which displays the speed of the car via dials is a fine example of analog device. The dial’s hand rotates and points at any value which the engine of the car is generating.

On the contrary, in digital devices, numbers stand for values. The analog device’s variability is missing here. In terms of hair-splitting accuracy, digital lags behind for a car’s speed can be shown 40 mph or 41 mph with digital speedometer, but, cannot pinpoint 40.50 mph!

The everyday term for digital electronics we use is associated mainly with music DVD, CDs, PCs and laptops and many other digital household appliances. Consumer electronics as such numbers are put on view with digits—created collectively with zeroes and ones. ‘zero’ representing ‘off’ and ‘one’ corresponding to ‘on’. These binary digits are referred to as bit. A series of 8 bits equals a byte. Each byte can stand for 1 among 250 values, from 00000000 and 00000001 ranging to 11111110 along with 11111111.

Computers are not capable of processing analog information. Basic electronics and electrical engineering courses educate you about the whole thing how your computer first manipulates the information in digits—the typical binary form. After processing, when it’s finally viewable, the computer alters the binary digits into analog electrical signals fit for your monitor to display. Similarly, digitally processed sound is converted into analog voltages for audio speakers.

Analog data is considered to possess higher quality than digital data for the former can signify a infinitely variable, complete range of data with analog devices. For example, the speedometer we just talked about. The one which is capable of indicating infinitely variable value from 40 to 41—you can cut the gap between into half, then the halves into segments and then those into incalculable segments. But, the hands of analog device smoothly rotates and points to it all.

But analog data can degrade. And digital data is way easier to copy. Digital electronics information is just a thread of numbers which the computer interprets effortlessly. It’s easier to store and less prone to decay. Basic electronics courses can show you how.

Cheap flexible electronics gets a large scale production push

Source: bit.ly/1Aalc5r

In the realm of electronic circuit designing, scientists from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore have made an innovative development by using t-shirt printer to print electronic circuits of complex designs successfully.

Published in the research journal Organic Electronics, the circuits have been printed using some flexible materials that are used in daily purposes such as plastic, aluminium foil or paper as layers on top. Using several such organic non toxic materials, the working team was able to print objects as resistors, transistors, capacitors amongst other electronic objects, components that are indispensable to creating an electronic circuit.

The experiment can ease the production of disposable electronics on a wide scale and also lead to really ground breaking results that can be used in our daily life quite easily, says Joseph Chang, Associate Professor at the NTU group of research. The possibility of smart household products like a bandage that would prompt when requiring a redressing, or an alerting milk cartoon informing when the milk is about to go bad can be really cool and interesting ways to monitor the daily life activities. The idea is not to compete with the hi-tech processors of Smartphones and other electronic devices but it is a way of assisting those devices with cheap costing printed circuits which are easily disposable.

The team has successfully printed complex circuits like a 4-bit digital to analog converter which is commonly used to turn digital signals into audio for speakers and headphones. What makes the NTU group’s method different from other types of printed electronic circuits is that these circuits are eco-friendly, being additive. Using non corrosive chemicals these can be printed in minutes, making it really fast and custom made. What makes it even better is that these are cheaply printed because of the widely available printing technology and can be done so on many different materials that are easily available.

Recognising the breakthrough the research team has achieved, their technology has received two provisional patents, one of which is of a cheaply disposable “Internet-of-Things” for adherence of drug medication. And along with that, a new company is being established and an equity capitalist has also expressed interest in funding the invention’s commercial aspects. A multinational biomedical company has also wanted to adopt the printing technique for devices used in bio medics.

The team has started work in devising digital and analog printing circuits for other biomedical applications which will be used for low cost smart circuits and purposes of smart lighting.

BJT or MOSFET—What to Pick for Your Project

Source: bit.ly/1KdyjuF

Beginners, newly toying with Electronics Science applications are often unable to decide what to choose appropriately for their project-- a MOSFET or BJT. We have to keep in mind there is a distinct fine line—MOSFET is controlled by voltage, while BJT is controlled by current. Of course they have their salient features that you can learn easily with aid of analog electronics tutorials. You need to consider a set of factors to choose transistor for your project—drive voltage, required power level, load voltage, speed and efficiency are among many.

• Earlier, BJT was a major hit. It was the easiest to enhance, the ease of fabricating transistor rendered BJT cheap and effortless to use. BJT’s linear, simple current gain is one feature that made it very popular for several applications. BJTs also possess less capacitance by control pin. 

• In a battery-charged electronics device, where the source of power is limited and the load is not constant, using BJT is NOT a good idea. But if the current flow is predictable as in LED, BJT can come in handy. Here you can easily improve the efficiency by setting base-emitter current into a split fraction LED current. 

• MOSFET is very useful as input impedance and current gain both are high. This is one of the most advantageous aspects of MOSFET. If you’re opting for switching circuit applications, MOSFET speed is super-high due to reduced amount of carrier operations. MOSFET is more energy efficient in this context. But BJT loses power as long as it’s switched on. Analog electronics tutorial can demonstrate the operating modes of transistors with fine illustrations. 

• Low resistance consistency sustaining the operating region, is one of the chief reasons to pick MOSFET for. It can also endure good level of heat—not losing stability owing to thermal change.

Instead of humming over one fixed transistor in particular, it’s better to build a more innovative circuit by mix and match, by taking advantage of both—high input impedance and little power consumption of MOSFET and high-current-travel ability of bipolar transistors. In order to better the performance of the circuit, you have to imagine a better combination.